皂角苷及腐殖酸对微生物降解蒽的影响

研究了皂角苷(1种生物表面活性剂)和腐殖酸(1种类表面活性物质)对微生物降解蒽的影响,并与Tween-80(1种化学表面活性剂)对蒽的增溶及促进微生物降解的作用进行了对比.结果表明,在不加任何表面活性物质时,微生物需要7d产生足够的糖脂使葸溶解,并发生微生物降解.皂角苷、腐殖酸和Tween-80均能较大程度的加速葸的降解,而且在相同条件下皂角苷及腐殖酸的效果明显优于Tween-80.腐殖酸及皂角苷大大缩短了微生物降解葸的时间,在2～4d内蒽的降解率可达到98%.同时,发现腐殖酸的浓度、葸的初始浓度均影响着蒽的微生物降解速率.     

表面活性剂去除土壤和地下水中LNAPLs作用机制研究

去除多孔介质中滞留的LNAPLs,表面活性剂对LNAPLs的增溶和降低界面张力是关键.在实验测得不同浓度Triton X-100溶液对正十六烷的增溶以及它们之间界面张力的基础上,通过平衡清洗实验和砂柱冲洗实验分析了不同形态正十六烷的产生规律和机制.结果表明,正十六烷溶解能力与Triton X-100浓度成正比,当Triton X-100浓度大于临界胶束浓度CMC时,计算得摩尔增溶比MSR=1.680 4,胶束相/水相分配系数对数值lgK_mc=1.715 8;正十六烷-Triton X-100溶液之间界面张力与Triton X-100浓度成反比,其变化规律符合高斯模型（R₂=0.996 4）;溶解态正十六烷和自由态正十六烷与增溶和降低界面张力分别有较好的对应关系,表明增溶和降低界面张力都对多孔介质中正十六烷去除有影响,其中降低界面张力可以有效增加多孔介质中正十六烷的流动性,在正十六烷去除过程中起主要作用.     

蒽在腐殖酸溶液中的增溶热力学及动力学研究

采用批平衡试验法, 研究了疏水性有机污染物蒽在腐殖酸溶液中的溶解热力学及动力学特征. 结果表明, 腐殖酸对蒽有一定的增溶性, 随着温度的升高, 增溶程度增强. 在25℃下蒽在腐殖酸溶液中的增溶行为为自发、吸热的熵增过程, ΔG~θ=-1.682 kJ/mol, ΔH~θ=11.96 kJ/mol, ΔS~θ=45.78 J/(K·mol); 在35℃、45℃下ΔG~θ分别为-2.140 kJ/mol和 -2.598 kJ/mol. 用几种溶解动力学曲线方程对腐殖酸增溶蒽的溶解动力学曲线进行了拟合, 结果表明腐殖酸增溶蒽的溶解动力学曲线更符合 Elovich 方程.     

Simultaneous elution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heavy metals from contaminated soil by two amino acids derived from β-cyclodextrins

Two highly water-soluble amino acids,which derived from β-CDs,i.e.,glutamic acid-β-cyclodextrin (GluCD) and ethylene-diamineβ-cyclodextrin (EDCD),were synthesized and were examined for their effect on solubilization of anthracene (ANT),complexation of cadmium (Cd2+),and elution removal of ANT and Cd2+ in soil.The results showed that GluCD and EDCD were powerful complexant for ANT and Cd2+.In the presence of 10 g/L GluCD and EDCD,the solubilization of ANT increased by 47.04 and 23.85 times compared to the control,respectively.GluCD resulted in approximately 90% complexation of Cd2+ while 70% complexation was observed for EDCD.Simultaneously,GluCD and EDCD could greatly enhance the elution removal of ANT and Cd 2+ from soil.GluCD resulted in the highest elution efficiency of ANT and Cd2+.With the addition of 10 g/L GluCD,53.5% of ANT and 85.6% of Cd2+ were eluted,respectively.The ANT had a negligible effect on the Cd2+ removal due to different complexing sites of ANT and Cd2+,while Cd2+ enhanced the ANT removal under the addition of GluCD because Cd2+ neutralized the-COOH group of GluCD.Adversely,the removal of ANT was decreased with Cd2+ under the addition of EDCD,this was due to the fact that Cd2+ enhanced the polarity of EDCD molecule and inhibited the complexation between ANT and EDCD.The study suggested that GluCD could be preferred and be successfully applied to remediation of heavy metals or organic compounds in contaminated soil.     

Release of heavy metals from a river sediment by a synthetic polymer and an agricultural residue: Variation with time of contact

A comparative study of the solubilization of Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn from a river sediment by solutions of a residue from agricultural industry and a synthetic polymer (SP) is presented. The agricultural residue shows a higher mobilising effect than the SP. The presence of the latter causes in most cases an initial solubilization and a readsorption afterwards, with a tendency to an equilibrium for long reaction times. The effect of the agricultural residue is not uniform for all metals studied, with a significant formation of metal‐organic complexes for Cu and Zn. In the presence of the SP, the proportion of complexes formed is significant only for Zn.     

不同生存环境和磷酸盐对4株溶磷菌溶磷能力的影响

利用液体培养法研究了不同NaCl浓度、碳源、氮源、溶解氧及磷酸盐对分离自小麦(Triticum aestivum)、苜蓿(Medicago sativa)根际的4株优良溶磷细菌(Lx81、Jm92、Dm84、Lx191)溶磷能力的影响.结果表明:(1)4株溶磷菌均为高耐盐菌株,其中Jm92和Din84维持较高溶磷量的NaCl浓度最高阈值分别为4%和8%,Lx81、Lx191在NaCl浓度超过5%时溶磷活性受到抑制.(2)Lx81的最佳碳源是葡萄糖,其次为蔗糖;另外3株菌在葡萄糖和蔗糖为碳源时,均有较高的溶磷能力;4株菌都几乎不能利用淀粉.(3)Lx81和Jm92在以(NH_4)_2SO_4和NH_4 NO_3为氮源时溶磷活性均较高,(NH_4)_2SO_4 是Lx191的最佳氮源,而NH~+-N存在会导致Dm84溶磷活性降低.(4)供试4株菌均不是专性厌氧菌,但不同菌株对氧的需求量不同.(5)4株溶磷菌对Ca_3-P和Ca_8-P有较大的溶解效率,但它们几乎都不能溶解Ca_(10)-P.图3表4参14     

憎水性污染物在表面活性剂溶液中的增溶动力学

为了解表面活性剂溶液对憎水性污染物增溶过程的影响因素,研究六氯乙烷在Ｔｗｅｅｎ２０溶液中的增溶动力学过程,建立了六氯乙烷在表面活性剂溶液中增溶的传质模型．模型表明当六氯乙烷总表面积固定时,其溶解速率同六氯乙烷在表面活性剂溶液中的表观溶解度和表观传质系数呈正相关．发现六氯乙烷在表面活性剂溶液中的表观传质系数和纯水中的相比降低了,但由于表面活性剂对六氯乙烷的增溶作用导致其溶解速率总体上是提高的     

不同类型表面活性剂对1，2，4-三氯苯的增溶作用

研究了阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠、阳离子表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵和非离子表面活性剂脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚LAE对1,2,4-三氯苯（TCB）的增溶作用。讨论了表面活性剂类型对增溶作用的影响。比较发现,非离子型表面活性剂的增溶能力高于离子型表面活性剂。其原因主要是疏水有机物在非离子表面活性剂胶束中的增溶方式不同造成的。3种表面活性剂对TCB的增溶数据还表明,增港作用不仅在临界胶束浓度（MC）以上发生,而且在表面活性剂浓度低于CMC时亦有明显的增溶作用。     

玉米根内和根际土壤溶磷细菌生物学特性研究

从玉米根内和根际土壤中分离筛选到22株溶磷细菌。根据16SrRNA基因序列分析,2株溶磷效果最好的菌株分别被鉴定为伯克霍尔德氏菌(Burkholderia sp.SY9)和泛菌(Pantoea sp.Gym7c)。同时对菌株SY9和Gym7c的溶磷能力和植物促生特性进行了进一步研究。利用磷酸钙和开阳磷矿矿粉研究了菌株释放P、Ca和Fe的效能。液体培养条件下,菌株在在磷酸钙培养基中的生长好于在开阳磷矿粉培养基中的生长,同时菌株能够合成铁载体。菌株SY9从开阳磷矿粉中释放P、Ca,和Fe的能力比菌株Gym7c强。然而菌株Gym7c从磷酸钙中释放P和Ca的能力比菌株SY9强。菌株Gym7c主要是通过合成的有机酸溶解磷酸钙并释放其中的P和Ca,而菌株SY9是通过合成的有机酸和铁载体溶解开阳磷矿粉并释放出其中的P、Ca,和Fe。溶解开阳磷矿粉的有机酸主要是葡萄糖酸而溶解磷酸钙的有机酸主要包括丁二酸、丙酸、苹果酸和酒石酸等。菌株Gym7c能够合成生长素、铁载体和1-氨基环丙烷-1-羧酸脱氨酶。菌株SY9和Gym7c对酸碱、盐和温度均表现出一定的抗性。     

Bioleaching of cadmium and nickel from synthetic sediments by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans

The microbial leaching process was evaluated for the treatment of synthetic sediments contaminated with cadmium and nickel sulfides. A series of batch leaching experiments was conducted to compare metal solubilization in sediment inoculated with Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans -inoculated sediments to that in sterile control sediment. The rate and extent of metal solubilization were significantly higher in A. ferrooxidans -inoculated reactors than in acidified sterile reactors. The efficiency of cadmium (Cd) solubilization (80) in the bioleaching process was higher than that of nickel (Ni) solubilization (60). The performance of leaching reactors containing only culture supernatants was comparable to that of A. ferrooxidans -inoculated reactors, indicating that indirect non-contact leaching by the products of microbial metabolism is the predominant mechanism for metal solubilization rather than direct microbial sulfide oxidation. Moreover, the similar (60–75%) extents of Cd²⁺ leaching with A. ferrooxidans , cell-free filtrate, and Fe³⁺ suggest that abiotic oxidation of CdS by Fe³⁺ controls the overall leaching rate, and the role of A.␣ferrooxidans is most likely not to oxidize CdS mineral directly but to regenerate Fe³⁺ as an oxidant.